“Know thyself.” “To thine own self be true.” “You can go your own way.” From the ancient Greeks to Shakespeare to Fleetwood Mac, there’s a long tradition in Western civilization of seeing each person as separate from every other. Often times this goes hand in hand with the permission, or even imperative, to ignore others’ expectations and “follow your heart.” Raised in this culture, this seems like a perfectly natural view of selfhood. But what if there were other ways of thinking about the self?

Our show begins with John disputing the idea that people in different cultures have fundamentally different notions of the self: After all, we all believe that we possess the power of rational thought, bodies we control, and senses we use to explore the environment around us, don’t we?

Hazel Markus, professor in Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University, offers a response based on evidence she’s gleaned from studying Japanese society. According to Markus, Japanese culture holds a fundamentally different notion of the self from mainstream American culture, which views the self as completely autonomous. From the Japanese point of view, the most important information about a person is all the relationships he or she is born into, extending back many generations. Markus offers empirical evidence to show that this view of the self affects how children behave.

In the final section, we consider what the effects might be of realizing that there are multiple conceptions of the self. Can we choose to adopt another culture’s concept or is our own just too far ingrained in our minds? Ken pushes Hazel on the question of cultural relativism. Doesn’t the Western concept of the autonomous self have important benefits, like valuing individual freedoms? Hazel agrees but pushes back, encouraging Ken to question his view of others’ expectations as onerous burdens. The show ends with a few thoughts on how we might offer children a choice among different ideas of the self.    

• Roving Philosophical Report: Nancy Mullane examines the link between an autonomous notion of the self and altruistic behavior.  She talks to Dacher Keltner, professor of psychology at Berkeley, about how evolution has given us brains that reward altruistic behavior, and about how we should value compassion more in our culture.  
• 60-Second philosopher: Ian Shoales reveals that Americans are the most self-conscious people on earth. Consider our inventions: self-help books, motivational speakers, fitness centers. And think about the terms of our therapy: personal growth (good), co-dependence (bad). Is self-obsession really the only way to go?